Konstelasi Kekuatan Baru: Brics Sebagai Organisasi Penyeimbang Perdagangan Global Dalam Dinamika Trade War Amerika Serikat Vs China (Studi Hukum Transaksi Bisnis Internasional)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v7i4.2467Keywords:
BRICS, Dinamika, Perang Dagang, Dedolarisasi, GlobalAbstract
Dalam dinamika transaksi bisnis internasional mulai tahun 2025, ketegangan hubungan antara Amerika Serikat (AS) dan Republik Rakyat China (RRC) kembali mengemuka melalui kebijakan tarif resiprokal yang diberlakukan terhadap berbagai komoditas impor. Perdagangan global yang semakin memanas menimbulkan pertanyaan mendasar: bagaimana peran BRICS sebagai organisasi penyeimbang dalam perdagangan global, khususnya dalam konteks perang dagang antara AS dan RRC, dalam studi hukum transaksi bisnis internasional? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis BRICS sebagai organisasi penyeimbang perdagangan global di tengah ketegangan perang dagang antara AS dan RRC, serta menganalisis dinamika perang dagang antara AS dan RRC dalam konteks hukum transaksi bisnis internasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif (doktrinal). Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah statute approach (pendekatan perundang-undangan). Pembahasan dan hasil analisis hukum transaksi bisnis internasional dalam konteks perang dagang antara AS dan RRC menunjukkan adanya pelanggaran terhadap General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 dan Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), yang berdampak pada kestabilan perdagangan global. Di sisi lain, BRICS sebagai organisasi multi-sektor berupaya mendorong sistem perdagangan global yang lebih berimbang melalui strategi dedolarisasi. Salah satu langkah konkret yang diambil adalah pengurangan ketergantungan terhadap dolar AS (USD) dalam transaksi internasional antarnegara anggota. Pembentukan "BRICS Currency" menjadi langkah strategis untuk memperkuat integrasi ekonomi dan mengurangi dominasi USD dalam sistem keuangan global.
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References
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Chen, N., et al. (2023). The extreme risk connectedness of the global financial system: G7 and BRICS evidence. Journal of Multinational Financial Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2023.100812.
Arnold, T. D., et al. (2024). De-dollarization and global sovereignty: BRICS' quest for a new financial paradigm. Human Geography. https://doi.org/10.1177/19427786241266896.
Robinson, S., & Thierfelder, K. (2024). US International Trade Policy: Scenarios of Protectionism and Trade Wars. Journal of Policy Modeling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2024.02.010.
Hopewell, K., et al. (2020). Trump & Trade: The Crisis in the Multilateral Trading System, New Political Economy. New Political Economy, 26, 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2020.1841135.
Qin, M., et al. (2022). The Global Value Chain and Welfare Effects of Tariffs-Counterfactual Analysis of Sino–US Economic and Trade Frictions. Sustainability, 14(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148280.
White House. (2025). Executive orders on reciprocal tariffs against imports from the People's Republic of China. [Note: This reference is derived from the mention in the source material about White House executive orders implementing tariffs against China in 2025]
Ma, H., et al. (2024). The return of protectionism: Prospects for Sino-US trade relations in the wake of the trade war. China Economic Quarterly International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceqi.2024.09.003.
Guan, C., et al. (2021). The Boundary of Supranational Rules: Revisiting Policy Space Conflicts in Global Trade Politics. Journal of World Trade. https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2021036.
Boz, E., et al. (2022). Patterns of Invoicing Currency in Global Trade: New Evidence. Journal of International Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103604.
Erlbacher, L., et al. (2023). Chinese perspectives on the US-China rivalry: navigating geo-economic and technological tensions in a new era of global statism. Critical Policy Studies, 17, 337-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2023.2218463.
Alrefai, A., et al. (2024). BRICS Alliance: A SWOT Analysis and the Potential Implications for Ending the Dominance of the USD. BRICS Law Journal. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2024-11-3-135-148.
Mosharrafa, R.-A., et al. (2024). Navigating the Tides of De-dollarization: Impact on Global Economy and BRICS Initiatives. World Review of Political Economy. https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.15.4.0566.
Swenson, D. L., et al. (2024). Trade-war Tariffs and Supply Chain Trade. Asian Economic Papers, 23, 66-86. https://doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00885.
Kwan, C., et al. (2020). The China–US Trade War: Deep‐Rooted Causes, Shifting Focus and Uncertain Prospects. Institutions & Transition Economics: Political Economy eJournal. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12284.
Bagwell, K., et al. (2021). Quantitative Analysis of Multiparty Tariff Negotiations. Econometrica. https://doi.org/10.3982/ecta16084.
WTO Panel. (2021). WTO Panel Rules Against U.S. Claim that Tariffs on Chinese Goods Are Justified as Necessary to Protect "Public Morals". American Journal of International Law, 115, 120-124. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.97.
Ranjan, P., et al. (2020). National Security Exception in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and India–Pakistan Trade. Journal of World Trade. https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2020028.
Fajgelbaum, P. D., et al. (2020). The Return to Protectionism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135, 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/QJE/QJZ036.
Amiti, M., et al. (2020). How did China's WTO entry affect U.S. prices? Journal of International Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JINTECO.2020.103339.
Bagwell, K., et al. (2020). Multilateral Trade Bargaining: A First Look at the GATT Bargaining Records. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. https://doi.org/10.1257/APP.20170574.
Kuenzel, D. J., et al. (2020). WTO tariff commitments and temporary protection: Complements or substitutes? European Economic Review, 121, 103344. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EUROECOREV.2019.103344.
Beyer, V., et al. (2020). Dispute Settlement in Preferential Trade Agreements and the WTO: A Network Analysis of Idleness and Choice of Forum. European Journal of International Law. https://doi.org/10.1093/EJIL/CHAB011.
Bouët, A., et al. (2020). Is the dispute settlement system, "jewel in the WTO's crown", beyond reach of developing countries? Review of World Economics, 156, 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-019-00359-w.
Pauwelyn, J., et al. (2022). Who Guards the "Guardians of the System"? The Role of the Secretariat in WTO Dispute Settlement. American Journal of International Law, 116, 534-566. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2022.20.
Adelaiye, S., et al. (2024). Trade openness in developing countries and use of the dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organisation. Journal of International Dispute Settlement. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnlids/idad033.
Khanijou, S., et al. (2024). Book Review- The Global Currency Power of the US Dollar Problems and Prospects. ABAC Journal. https://doi.org/10.59865/abacj.2024.67.
Cecchetti, S. G., et al. (2020). US or Domestic Monetary Policy: Which Matters More for Financial Stability? IMF Economic Review, 68, 35-65. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41308-020-00108-2.
Cheng, P., et al. (2024). U.S. Monetary Policy Spillovers to Emerging Market Countries: Responses to Cost-Push and Natural Rate Shocks. Economic Modelling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2024.106971.
Iqbal, B., et al. (2021). BRICS as a Driver of Global Economic Growth and Development. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies. https://doi.org/10.1177/09749101211067096.
France 24. (2023, August 22). Size, population, GDP: The BRICS nations in numbers. https://www.france24.com/en/business/20230822-size-population-gdp-the-brics-nations-in-numbers.
Molodyko, K., et al. (2020). From Reserve Currencies to Reserves of Critical Goods: Designing a New BRICS International Currency. BRICS Law Journal. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2020-7-4-67-84.
Robinson, G., et al. (2024). Preserving the obligatory passage point: SWIFT and the partial platformisation of global payments. Geoforum. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104007.
Zharikov, M., et al. (2023). Digital Money Options for the BRICS. International Journal of Financial Studies. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs11010042.
McDowell, D., et al. (2020). Financial sanctions and political risk in the international currency system. Review of International Political Economy, 28, 635-661. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1736126.
Ba, H., et al. (2020). Hegemonic instability: complex interdependence and the dynamics of financial crisis in the contemporary international system. European Journal of International Relations, 27, 369-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066120967048.
Huu, T. N., et al. (2023). Geopolitical risks and financial stress in emerging economies. The World Economy. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13529.
Salisu, A. A., et al. (2022). Geopolitical risks and historical exchange rate volatility of the BRICS. International Review of Economics & Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2021.09.017.
Bastanifar, I., et al. (2024). Understanding BRICSIZATION Through an Economic Geopolitical Model. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100440.
Chen, N., et al. (2023). The extreme risk connectedness of the global financial system: G7 and BRICS evidence. Journal of Multinational Financial Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2023.100812.
Arnold, T. D., et al. (2024). De-dollarization and global sovereignty: BRICS' quest for a new financial paradigm. Human Geography. https://doi.org/10.1177/19427786241266896.
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Published
2025-06-14
How to Cite
Fulenzi Amri, I. (2025). Konstelasi Kekuatan Baru: Brics Sebagai Organisasi Penyeimbang Perdagangan Global Dalam Dinamika Trade War Amerika Serikat Vs China (Studi Hukum Transaksi Bisnis Internasional). UNES Law Review, 7(4), 1519–1528. https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v7i4.2467
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