Ibu Kota Negara (IKN) dan Mitigasi Ancaman Terorisme: Pendekatan Kesejahteraan untuk Pencegahan Aksi Kejahatan di Indonesia
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Jun 29, 2024
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Abstract
The relocation of the National Capital (Ibu Kota Negara/IKN) to East Kalimantan Province has sparked pros and cons regarding potential threats and ways of countering terrorism in the new capital city, called Nusantara. This paper aims to provide a design and framework for mitigating the threat of terrorism in the nation's capital city by using a welfare criminology approach. This paper uses a qualitative approach regarding secondary data sourced from statistical data publications, online media news, journal articles, and previous similar research/studies. The new IKN with the name Nusantara which carries the concept of a "smart city" based on cyber technology, faces the challenge of the threat of terror acts in a hybrid manner. The government needs to design an integrated prevention and counterterrorism strategy in IKN Nusantara and its surrounding areas that is not only cyber-based, but also relies on natural surveillance from the surrounding communities, and in the policy-making process needs to consider the situation of the community and existing local wisdom. The welfare approach can also be in line with the aim of addressing the root causes of radicalization and conflict, such as economic marginalization, social and cultural issues.
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Annisa Yudha Apriliasari, & Sapto Priyanto. (2024). Ibu Kota Negara (IKN) dan Mitigasi Ancaman Terorisme: Pendekatan Kesejahteraan untuk Pencegahan Aksi Kejahatan di Indonesia. UNES Law Review, 6(4), 11120-11129. https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v6i4.2023
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Kitchen, P. (2007). Exploring the Link between Crime and Socio-Economic Status in Ottawa and Saskatoon: A Small-Area Geographical Analysis. Report. Government of Canada.
Klausen, J. (2015). “Tweeting the Jihad: Social Media Networks of Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(1), pp. 1-22. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2014.974948.
Knepper, P. (2007). Criminology and social policy. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Lindsay, B., dan McGillis, D. (1986). “Citywide community crime prevention: An assessment of the Seattle program”. Dalam D. Rosenbaum (Ed.), Community crime prevention: Does it work?. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Marsh, I., et.al. (2006). Theories of Crime. New York: Routledge.
Moon, J. D. (1988). Responsibility, rights, and welfare: The theory of the welfare state. USA: Westview Press, Inc.
Mustofa, M. (2010). Kriminologi: Kajian sosiologis terhadap kriminalitas, perilaku menyimpang dan pelanggaran hukum (2nd ed.). Depok: FISIP UI Press.
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Sukoco, A., Syauqillah, M., & Ismail, A. U. (2021). “Media, Globalisasi dan Ancaman Terorisme”. Journal of Terrorism Studies, 3(2), article 5, pp. 1-15.
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Taydas, Z., & Peksen, D. (2012). “Can states buy peace? Social welfare spending and civil conflicts”. Journal of Peace Research, 49(2), 273-287. JSTOR.
Van Dijk, J. J. M., dan Killias, M. (1990). Experiences of Crime Across the World: Key Findings of the 1989 International Crime Survey. Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.
Vellani, K. (2006). Strategic Management: A Risk Assessment Guide for Decision Makers. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Wilson, T., & Wilson, D. (1991). The state and social welfare: The objectives of policy. USA: Longman Inc.
Yunardhani, R. (2012). Kondisi Pencegahan Kejahatan Berbasis Masyarakat (Community Crime Prevention) di Wilayah Perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia (Pulau Nunukan dan Pulau Sebatik Provinsi Kalimantan Timur). Tesis. Depok: Departemen Kriminologi, FISIP, Universitas Indonesia.
Zulfayani. (2017). “Framing Analysis News Comparison of Bomb Samarinda in Kompas.com And Tempo.co”. Jom FISIP, 4(2).
Aly, A., et., al. (2014). “Moral Disengagement and Building Resilience to Violent Extremism: An Education Intervention”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37(4). DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2014.879379.
Amin, M. (2011). “Konsep negara kesejahteraan dari waktu ke waktu”. Jurnal Politea, 3(2). Departemen Ilmu Politik, FISIP, Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Ansori, M. H. (2019). Memberantas Terorisme di Indonesia. Jakarta: The Habibie Center.
Apriliasari, A. Y. (2018). Implementasi MoU Helsinki bagi Kesejahteraan Eks Kombatan Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) melalui Pendekatan Welfare Criminology. Skripsi, Departemen Kriminologi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, Universitas Indonesia.
Atlas, R. I. (2008). 21st Century Security and CPTED. United States of America: CBC Press.
Bell, W. (1983). Contemporary social welfare. USA: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
Cinthia. (2021). “Mengapa IKN Harus Pindah ke Kaltim”. Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Dilansir dari laman https://www.kaltimprov.go.id/berita/mengapa-ikn-harus-pindah-ke-kaltim.
CNN Indonesia. (2023). "BNPT Sebut 116 Mantan Napi Terorisme Kembali Jadi Residivis". CNN Indonesia. Dilansir dari laman https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230213143939-12-912414/bnpt-sebut-116-mantan-napi-terorisme-kembali-jadi-residivis.
Gaudette, T., Scrivens, R., & Venkatesh, V. (2020). “The Role of the Internet in Facilitating Violent Extremism: Insight from Former Right-Wing Extremists”. Terrorism and Political Violence. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2020.1784147
Geason, S., dan Wilson, P. R. (1988). Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
Gerasimov, V. (2013). “The Value of Science Is in the Foresight: New Challenges Demand Rethinking the Forms and Methods of Carrying out Combat Operations,” trans. Robert Coalson, Military-Industrial Kurier. Diakses dari laman http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/10/complex-academic-writing/412255/.
Gohek, S. M. (2021). “Prevention of Cross-Border Movements of Terrorists: Operational, Political, Institutional and Strategic Challenges for National and Regional Border Controls”. Dalam Alex P. Schmid, (2021). Handbook of Terrorim Prevention and Preparedness. ICCT Press Publication.
Golose, P. (2014). Deradikalisme Terorisme: Humanis, Soul Approach dan Menyentuh Akar Rumput. Jakarta: Yayasan Pengembangan Kajian Ilmu Kepolisian.
Goodin, R., dkk. (1999). Reasons for welfare, in the real worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hakim, Y., R., Bainus, A., & Sudirman, A. (2019). “The implementation of counter narrative strategy to stop the development of radicalism among youth”. Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, 13(4). Diunduh dari https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/implementation-counter-narrative-strategy-stop/docview/2394981290/se-2.
Hanita, M. (2018). “Radikalisme dalam Masyarakat Multikultural: Ancaman Lokal dan Tantangan Global”. Jurnal Cendekia Waskita 2(1). Sekolah Tinggi Intelijen Negara.
Hanita, M. (2021). Redefinisi dan Reinterpretasi Doktrin Ketahanan Nasional. Jakarta: UI Publishing.
Kapiarsa, A. B. (2020). “Penanganan Potensi Ancaman Terorisme di Ibu Kota Baru Indonesia Studi Kasus: Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara dan Penajam Paser Utara”. Jurnal Manajemen Pertahanan, 6(2).
Kementerian PPN/Bappenas. (2020). Naskah Akademik Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Ibu Kota Negara. Diakses melalui laman https://bappeda.kaltimprov.go.id/storage/data-centers/September2021/zNPFAwFfhrKe6NOUadXI.pdf.
Kementerian PPN/Bappenas. (2021). Buku Saku Pemindahan Ibu Kota Negara. Diakses melalui laman https://www.ikn.go.id/storage/buku-saku-ikn-072121.pdf.
Undang Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2022 tentang Ibu Kota Negara. Diakses melalui laman https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/198400/uu-no-3-tahun-2022.
Kindt, M. T. (2006). “Building Population Resilience to Terror Attacks Unlearned Lessons from Military and Civilian Experience, Counterproliferation”. Paper No. 36 USAF. Alabama: Air University Maxwell Air Force Base.
Kitchen, P. (2007). Exploring the Link between Crime and Socio-Economic Status in Ottawa and Saskatoon: A Small-Area Geographical Analysis. Report. Government of Canada.
Klausen, J. (2015). “Tweeting the Jihad: Social Media Networks of Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(1), pp. 1-22. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2014.974948.
Knepper, P. (2007). Criminology and social policy. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Lindsay, B., dan McGillis, D. (1986). “Citywide community crime prevention: An assessment of the Seattle program”. Dalam D. Rosenbaum (Ed.), Community crime prevention: Does it work?. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Marsh, I., et.al. (2006). Theories of Crime. New York: Routledge.
Moon, J. D. (1988). Responsibility, rights, and welfare: The theory of the welfare state. USA: Westview Press, Inc.
Mustofa, M. (2010). Kriminologi: Kajian sosiologis terhadap kriminalitas, perilaku menyimpang dan pelanggaran hukum (2nd ed.). Depok: FISIP UI Press.
Queensland Government. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design. State of Queensland.
Ruhainah. (2023). “3 Eks Napiter Jadi Narasumber, Di Seminar Kebangsaan Tangkal Radikalisme”. Kementerian Agama RI Kantor Wilayah Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Dilansir dari laman https://kaltim.kemenag.go.id/berita/read/519760.
Sukoco, A., Syauqillah, M., & Ismail, A. U. (2021). “Media, Globalisasi dan Ancaman Terorisme”. Journal of Terrorism Studies, 3(2), article 5, pp. 1-15.
Sunusi, M. (2012). “Welfare state: Konsep, tantangan dan dilema”. Jurnal Penelitian Kesejahteraan Sosial, 11(2). Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pelayanan Kesejahteraan Sosial (B2P3KS).
Taydas, Z., & Peksen, D. (2012). “Can states buy peace? Social welfare spending and civil conflicts”. Journal of Peace Research, 49(2), 273-287. JSTOR.
Van Dijk, J. J. M., dan Killias, M. (1990). Experiences of Crime Across the World: Key Findings of the 1989 International Crime Survey. Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.
Vellani, K. (2006). Strategic Management: A Risk Assessment Guide for Decision Makers. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Wilson, T., & Wilson, D. (1991). The state and social welfare: The objectives of policy. USA: Longman Inc.
Yunardhani, R. (2012). Kondisi Pencegahan Kejahatan Berbasis Masyarakat (Community Crime Prevention) di Wilayah Perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia (Pulau Nunukan dan Pulau Sebatik Provinsi Kalimantan Timur). Tesis. Depok: Departemen Kriminologi, FISIP, Universitas Indonesia.
Zulfayani. (2017). “Framing Analysis News Comparison of Bomb Samarinda in Kompas.com And Tempo.co”. Jom FISIP, 4(2).