Retaliasi Sebagai Opsi Alat Penegakan Hukum Penyelesaian Sengketa Perdagangan Internasional Akibat Krisis di Badan Banding World Trade Organization
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Published:
Mar 27, 2024
Keywords:
WTO, Appellate Body, alternative dispute settlement, MPIA, retaliation
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Abstract
Member states have expressed dissatisfaction with the absence of an option to appeal against Panel reports due to the crisis faced by the WTO Appellate Body. The paper examines the reasons behind this crisis and explores alternative dispute settlement mechanisms like the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) and retaliation. After reviewing legal sources related to this issue, the paper concludes that retaliation can be used as an alternative method to resolve international trade disputes in situations where the WTO Appellate Body is not operational.
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Pramudyawati, R. D. (2024). Retaliasi Sebagai Opsi Alat Penegakan Hukum Penyelesaian Sengketa Perdagangan Internasional Akibat Krisis di Badan Banding World Trade Organization. UNES Law Review, 6(3), 8394-8411. https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v6i3.1748
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References
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Raf Casert, European Union tariffs on Harleys, peanut butter and other US goods begins Friday, https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/economy/2018/06/20/eu-tariffs-harleys-peanut-butter-and-other-us-goods-begins-friday/717753002/, diakses pada 19 Juni 2023.
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World Trade Organization, Dispute Settlement, DS553: Korea-Sunset Review of Anti-Dumping Duties on Stainless Steel Bars, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds553_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
World Trade Organization, Disputes by member, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
World Trade Organization, DS361: European Communities – Regime for the Importation of Bananas, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds361_e.htm, diakses pada 10 April 2023.
World Trade Organization, DS592: Indonesia-Measures Relating to Raw Materials, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds592_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
World Trade Organization, WTO arbitrators issue award in EU-Colombia frozen fries dispute, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/ds591arb25_21dec22_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
WTO Plurilaterals, Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA), https://wtoplurilaterals.info/plural_initiative/the-mpia/, diakses pada 9 April 2023.
Chad P. Bown dan Joost Pauwelyn, The Law, Economics and Politics of Retaliation in WTO Dispute Settlement, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, Buku Panduan Penulisan Karya Ilmiah, (Depok: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2022).
Reza Banakar dan Max Travers, Theory and Research in Socio-Legal Research, (Portland: Hart Publishing, 2005).
Claus D. Zimmermann, “Strengthening the WTO by Replacing Trade Retaliation with Stronger Informal Remedies?” Journal of International Trade Law and Policy Vol. 11 No. 1, (2012).
Emre Acar, "Dejudicialisation of International Law and Future Trajectories." Groningen Journal of International Law 10, no. 1 (2023).
Joost Pauwelyn, “Enforcement and countermeasures in the WTO: rules are rules – toward a more collective approach”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94 No. 2, (2000).
Kristen Hopewell, "When the hegemon goes rogue: leadership amid the US assault on the liberal trading order," International Affairs 97, no. 4, (2021).
Olga Starshinova, "Is the MPIA a Solution to the WTO Appellate Body Crisis?." Journal of World Trade 55, no. 5 (2021).
Susan Esserman dan Robert Howse. "The WTO on trial." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, no.1, (2003).
Thomas Cottier, Recalibrating the WTO Dispute Settlement System: Towards New Standards of Appellate Review, Journal of International Economic Law, Volume 24, Issue 3, (2021).
Arata Kuno, Japan’s joining MPIA an outside chance to boost momentum for WTO reform, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2023/05/14/japans-joining-mpia-an-outside-chance-to-boost-momentum-for-wto-reform/, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
Geneva Trade Platform, Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA), https://wtoplurilaterals.info/plural_initiative/the-mpia/, diakses pada 16 Desember 2022.
Joost Pauwelyn, The WTO’s Multy-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA): What’s New?, World Trade Review, (2023).
Legal Affairs Division, World Trade Organization, "Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes", https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/28-dsu.pdf, diakses pada 10 Juli 2023.
Raf Casert, European Union tariffs on Harleys, peanut butter and other US goods begins Friday, https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/economy/2018/06/20/eu-tariffs-harleys-peanut-butter-and-other-us-goods-begins-friday/717753002/, diakses pada 19 Juni 2023.
Richard Newcomb, Nate Bolin, Martin Schaefermeier, Matthew Larson, US lifts Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum from the EU effective January 1, 2022 – continues similar negotiation with Japan, https://www.dlapiper.com/en-us/insights/publications/2021/11/us-lifts-section-232-tariffs-on-steel-and-aluminum-from-the-eu-effective-january-1-2022, diakses pada 19 Juni 2023.
The White House, ”Joint US-EU Statement on Trade in Steel And Aluminum”, diakses dari https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/31/joint-us-eu-statement-on-trade-in-steel-and-aluminum/ pada 19 Juni 2023.
U.S. International Trade Administration, ”Foreign Retaliations Timeline”, https://www.trade.gov/feature-article/foreign-retaliations-timeline, diakses pada 18 Juni 2023.
World Trade Institute, WTO Appellate Body crisis: Peter Van den Bossche addresses public hearing, 12 Desember 2019, https://www.wti.org/institute/news/673/wto-appellate-body-crisis-peter-van-den-bossche-addresses-public-hearing/, diakses pada 6 Juni 2023.
World Trade Organization, "DSB", https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s1p1_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
World Trade Organization, "The process — Stages in a typical WTO dispute settlement case", https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c6s10p1_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
World Trade Organization, ‘Current Status of Disputes’, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_current_status_e.htm, diakses pada 5 April 2023.
World Trade Organization, Briefing Note: Dispute Settlement, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc10_e/briefing_notes_e/brief_disputes_e.htm, diakses pada 16 Desember 2022.
World Trade Organization, Dispute Settlement, DS518: India-Certain Measures on Imports of Iron and Steel Products, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds518_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
World Trade Organization, Dispute Settlement, DS553: Korea-Sunset Review of Anti-Dumping Duties on Stainless Steel Bars, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds553_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
World Trade Organization, Disputes by member, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
World Trade Organization, DS361: European Communities – Regime for the Importation of Bananas, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds361_e.htm, diakses pada 10 April 2023.
World Trade Organization, DS592: Indonesia-Measures Relating to Raw Materials, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds592_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
World Trade Organization, WTO arbitrators issue award in EU-Colombia frozen fries dispute, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/ds591arb25_21dec22_e.htm, diakses pada 9 Juli 2023.
WTO Plurilaterals, Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA), https://wtoplurilaterals.info/plural_initiative/the-mpia/, diakses pada 9 April 2023.